Research indicates Halmahera’s nickel boom has created an enclave economy where regional growth masks severe inequality. Agriculture and fisheries have plummeted to 2.1% of local GDP, while the Gini ratio climbed from 0.27 to 0.33 between 2021 and 2025. Poverty remains high despite massive industrial expansion, as the economic benefits fail to reach the local population.
Local fisheries, supported by the traditional collective labor system of fagogoru, offer a resilient alternative to the volatile mining sector. However, this potential is severely constrained by heavy metal contamination in coastal waters and a reliance on external fish supplies. The sustainability of this livelihood remains uncertain until water quality improves and local cold chains are developed.
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